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120	120	==== 2.1 Literature Search ====
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	122	+**//What are other people doing?//**
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122	122	The gender inequality problems were discussed in 60-70th years of ХХ-th century by American scientists in the //neo-classical theory//, particularly, by G. Becker, L. Thurow, T. Schultz, etc. Till now the neo-classical direction is the most developed. The economic reasons of men and women inequality and their consequences were researched by the following scientists: P. Doeringer and M. Piore, E. Phelps, D. Aigner and G. Cain, etc. The elaboration of the instruments for the gender equality evaluation in the sphere of employment was reflected in works of the following scientists: R. Anker, O. Duncan, J. Mincer, R. Oaxaca, A. Blinder, etc.
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124	124	On the basis of "human capital" concept, J. Mincer invented the econometric model, which has established dependence between person’s earnings and educational level, experience, and other factors characterizing the human capital accumulated by the worker [3]. Further, other indicators were included in Mincer's equation, for example, socially-demographic characteristics, such as gender, residence, marital status, enterprise sector (state or private), number of employees at the enterprise, number of subordinates, full/part work time, etc.
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128	128	To explain existing discrimination in the sphere of employment, neo-classic economists offered three different approaches: discrimination, as consequence of employer preferences, consumer preferences, or work’s collaborator preferences; statistical discrimination; discrimination based on segmentation of labour market and caused by its monopoly structure.
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130		-It is necessary to mention the papers of the American scientists: R. Oaxaca “Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets” [5], and A. Blinder “Wage discrimination: reduced form and structural estimates” [6],**// //**which have been appeared concurrently in 1973. In that research they went further than J. Mincer. With the invention of gender decomposition in wages, they have actually offered a method which allows to estimate the gender gap and discrimination in wages.
	132	+It is necessary to mention the papers of the American scientists: R. Oaxaca “Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets” [5], and A. Blinder “Wage discrimination: reduced form and structural estimates” [6], which have been appeared concurrently in 1973. In that research they went further than J. Mincer. With the invention of gender decomposition in wages, they have actually offered a method which allows to estimate the gender gap and discrimination in wages.
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132	132	The theory of propensity to discrimination on the level of preferences or biases from employer, consumer, and worker’s collaborators was introduced by G. Becker in 1957 in his work “The economics of discrimination” [7]. G. Becker set up the assumption that a part of employers preferred recruiting the certain worker’s group, including on the sex basis. For this preference, they are ready to bear additional costs paying bigger salary for those workers groups, which are more preferable for him.
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150	150	The report of the Moldovan researchers group “Revelation of the gender discrimination phenomenon in the labour market of the Republic of Moldova” (rus.: «Выявление феномена дискриминации по полу на рынке труда в Республике Молдова») is dedicated the problems of discrimination on a labour market of Moldova. The results of this research were elaborated within the limits of the project 2005-2006 “Combating gender  discrimination on a labour market and revealing the possibilities to reduction of this phenomenon in the Republic of Moldova” (rus.: «Борьба с дискриминацией по полу на рынке труда и выявление возможностей сокращения этого феномена в Республике Молдова») [12]. By the results of the research “the majority of interviewed persons (80.9%) consider that gender discrimination on the labour market today is a serious problem” and that “basically women are subject to gender discrimination” [12, p. 20]. Generalizing the opinions of interviewed persons, researchers come to the conclusion that: “Gender discrimination on a labour market, which referees to women, takes place at all stages of labour activity: recruiting; payments; promotions on "//career// ladder"; ensuring maternity leave assistance; dismissals; seek-live assistance; ensuring of vocation; training at the enterprise” [12, p. 30]. Three principal kinds of women’s discrimination are especially maintained: at the recruiting on labour, at the promotions on "//career// //ladder//", at the payment [12, p. 29].
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	154	+**//How are their results being applied?//**
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153		-**How are their results being applied?**
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155		-//Indicate any current technical, commercial, industrial or other practical applications of research in this field.  To the extent possible list the leading firms, laboratories, and university centers whose scientific activities (commercial, fundamental, or both) depend upon advancements in your field.  When developing this list, be sure to look beyond the Commonwealth of Independent States, to include the other major scientific and industrial nations.//
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158	158	The calculations based on extended Mincer’s equation, Duncan index of dissimilarity, the standard Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition were present in many development countries by different scientists. For example, the foreign researchers as: T. Riim, E. Kallaste (2004) in Estonia [15]; A. Galego, J. Pereira (2006) in Portugal [16]; M. Johansson, K. Katz (2006) in Sweden [17]; Y. Guo (2004) in Guatemala [18]; Le Grand C. (1991) in Sweden [19] and scientists from other countries - were applied the method of estimation the difference in wages offered by R. Oaxaca [5] and A. Blinder [6]. This method allows to separate explainable (i.e. caused by personal properties and characteristics of workplaces) differences in wages from unexplainable differences, which are treated as discrimination. But, all these calculations were executed on macroeconomic level as some examples without detailed analyzing of separate enterprises.
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160	160	In 2000 the analysis of working conditions and gender inequality was performed by ILO together with leaders and trade union organizations on the basis of the sociological method of interviewing employees in Russian Federation at three pilot plants [13]: Moscow Tire Plant, “Moscow Bearing” plant, “The Paris Commune” enterprise.
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162	162	In 2007 the ILO published “A manual for gender audit facilitators: The ILO parti­cipatory gender audit methodology” [14].  The methodology of gender audits offered by the ILO is based on the principle of active parti­cipation and uses the sociological methods of analysis. This kind of audit is classified as qualitative. The qualitative analysis performed on the basis of active participation (usually some surveys or questionnaires to all employees or only for some of their categories) brings the risk of subjectivity and data twisting in responses (in one's mind the situation is better or worse than it actually is). In­deed, it is possible to perform a lot of different case studies, examining certain gender aspects of the labor market, but they all show the common picture. In addition, the evidence of gender segregation and pay discrimination are in the economic field, not in sociology. Therefore, it is unlikely to obtain the exhaustive explanation by extremely simple surveys and questionnaires based on the sociological reports.
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165		-**References**
	163	+**//References//**
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168	168	1. Global Gender Gap Report 2014. The World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014//, //[[www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR14/GGGR_Complete>>url:http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR14/GGGR_Complete]]Report_2014.pdf