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  {{info}}
  ==== 1.1 Project Title ====
--Innovative approaches to applied computations and software development for gender equality regulation on labour market
++**Innovative approaches to applied computations and software development for gender equality regulation on labour market**
  {{/info}}
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  ==== 2.1 Introduction ====
++**//What is the problem?//**
++
  Women represent one half of the global population. They deserve equal access to health, education, decent work, workplaces free from discrimination and political representation. According to the //Klaus Schwab// - Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum: “People and their talents are two of the core drivers of sustainable, long-term economic growth. If half of these talents are underdeveloped or underutilized, the economy will never grow as it could. Multiple studies have shown that healthy and educated women are more likely to have healthier and more educated children, creating a positive, virtuous cycle for the broader population. … Governments have an important role to play in creating policies that provide women and men with equal access to opportunities, companies must also create workplaces where the best talent can flourish” [1, preface].
  The problem of gender equality is significant at the international level, which is reflected in a lot of international acts. Several documents regulating the ensuring of equality between men and women in society were adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations. In particular, the problems of equality of rights and possibilities for men and women are separated as an independent theme in the United Nations act “//The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women//” (CEDAW, 1979). This Convention emphasizes that the discrimination of women, namely, distinction, exclusion, or limitation on the gender base, takes place, and admits that “the change in the traditional role of men as well as the role of women in society and in the family is needed to achieve full equality between men and women..., and the social significance of maternity and the role of both parents in the family and in the upbringing of children, and aware that the role of women in procreation should not be a basis for discrimination but that the upbringing of children requires a sharing of responsibility between men and women and society as a whole” [2, preamble]. Also, the member states of the UN identified this topic as one of the eight Millennium Development Goals.
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  ==== 2.1 Literature Search ====
++**//What are other people doing?//**
++
  The gender inequality problems were discussed in 60-70th years of ХХ-th century by American scientists in the //neo-classical theory//, particularly, by G. Becker, L. Thurow, T. Schultz, etc. Till now the neo-classical direction is the most developed. The economic reasons of men and women inequality and their consequences were researched by the following scientists: P. Doeringer and M. Piore, E. Phelps, D. Aigner and G. Cain, etc. The elaboration of the instruments for the gender equality evaluation in the sphere of employment was reflected in works of the following scientists: R. Anker, O. Duncan, J. Mincer, R. Oaxaca, A. Blinder, etc.
  On the basis of "human capital" concept, J. Mincer invented the econometric model, which has established dependence between person’s earnings and educational level, experience, and other factors characterizing the human capital accumulated by the worker [3]. Further, other indicators were included in Mincer's equation, for example, socially-demographic characteristics, such as gender, residence, marital status, enterprise sector (state or private), number of employees at the enterprise, number of subordinates, full/part work time, etc.
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  To explain existing discrimination in the sphere of employment, neo-classic economists offered three different approaches: discrimination, as consequence of employer preferences, consumer preferences, or work’s collaborator preferences; statistical discrimination; discrimination based on segmentation of labour market and caused by its monopoly structure.
--It is necessary to mention the papers of the American scientists: R. Oaxaca “Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets” [5], and A. Blinder “Wage discrimination: reduced form and structural estimates” [6],**// //**which have been appeared concurrently in 1973. In that research they went further than J. Mincer. With the invention of gender decomposition in wages, they have actually offered a method which allows to estimate the gender gap and discrimination in wages.
++It is necessary to mention the papers of the American scientists: R. Oaxaca “Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets” [5], and A. Blinder “Wage discrimination: reduced form and structural estimates” [6], which have been appeared concurrently in 1973. In that research they went further than J. Mincer. With the invention of gender decomposition in wages, they have actually offered a method which allows to estimate the gender gap and discrimination in wages.
  The theory of propensity to discrimination on the level of preferences or biases from employer, consumer, and worker’s collaborators was introduced by G. Becker in 1957 in his work “The economics of discrimination” [7]. G. Becker set up the assumption that a part of employers preferred recruiting the certain worker’s group, including on the sex basis. For this preference, they are ready to bear additional costs paying bigger salary for those workers groups, which are more preferable for him.
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  The report of the Moldovan researchers group “Revelation of the gender discrimination phenomenon in the labour market of the Republic of Moldova” (rus.: «Выявление феномена дискриминации по полу на рынке труда в Республике Молдова») is dedicated the problems of discrimination on a labour market of Moldova. The results of this research were elaborated within the limits of the project 2005-2006 “Combating gender  discrimination on a labour market and revealing the possibilities to reduction of this phenomenon in the Republic of Moldova” (rus.: «Борьба с дискриминацией по полу на рынке труда и выявление возможностей сокращения этого феномена в Республике Молдова») [12]. By the results of the research “the majority of interviewed persons (80.9%) consider that gender discrimination on the labour market today is a serious problem” and that “basically women are subject to gender discrimination” [12, p. 20]. Generalizing the opinions of interviewed persons, researchers come to the conclusion that: “Gender discrimination on a labour market, which referees to women, takes place at all stages of labour activity: recruiting; payments; promotions on "//career// ladder"; ensuring maternity leave assistance; dismissals; seek-live assistance; ensuring of vocation; training at the enterprise” [12, p. 30]. Three principal kinds of women’s discrimination are especially maintained: at the recruiting on labour, at the promotions on "//career// //ladder//", at the payment [12, p. 29].
++**//How are their results being applied?//**
--**How are their results being applied?**
--
--//Indicate any current technical, commercial, industrial or other practical applications of research in this field.  To the extent possible list the leading firms, laboratories, and university centers whose scientific activities (commercial, fundamental, or both) depend upon advancements in your field.  When developing this list, be sure to look beyond the Commonwealth of Independent States, to include the other major scientific and industrial nations.//
--
--
  The calculations based on extended Mincer’s equation, Duncan index of dissimilarity, the standard Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition were present in many development countries by different scientists. For example, the foreign researchers as: T. Riim, E. Kallaste (2004) in Estonia [15]; A. Galego, J. Pereira (2006) in Portugal [16]; M. Johansson, K. Katz (2006) in Sweden [17]; Y. Guo (2004) in Guatemala [18]; Le Grand C. (1991) in Sweden [19] and scientists from other countries - were applied the method of estimation the difference in wages offered by R. Oaxaca [5] and A. Blinder [6]. This method allows to separate explainable (i.e. caused by personal properties and characteristics of workplaces) differences in wages from unexplainable differences, which are treated as discrimination. But, all these calculations were executed on macroeconomic level as some examples without detailed analyzing of separate enterprises.
  In 2000 the analysis of working conditions and gender inequality was performed by ILO together with leaders and trade union organizations on the basis of the sociological method of interviewing employees in Russian Federation at three pilot plants [13]: Moscow Tire Plant, “Moscow Bearing” plant, “The Paris Commune” enterprise.
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  In 2007 the ILO published “A manual for gender audit facilitators: The ILO participatory gender audit methodology” [14].  The methodology of gender audits offered by the ILO is based on the principle of active participation and uses the sociological methods of analysis. This kind of audit is classified as qualitative. The qualitative analysis performed on the basis of active participation (usually some surveys or questionnaires to all employees or only for some of their categories) brings the risk of subjectivity and data twisting in responses (in one's mind the situation is better or worse than it actually is). Indeed, it is possible to perform a lot of different case studies, examining certain gender aspects of the labor market, but they all show the common picture. In addition, the evidence of gender segregation and pay discrimination are in the economic field, not in sociology. Therefore, it is unlikely to obtain the exhaustive explanation by extremely simple surveys and questionnaires based on the sociological reports.
--**References**
++**//References//**
 . Global Gender Gap Report 2014. The World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014//, //[[www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR14/GGGR_Complete>>url:http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR14/GGGR_Complete]]Report_2014.pdf
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 . GUO Y. Male-female wages differentials in Guatemala: 1989-1998. Advisor: Dr. GINDLING T. ECON 699 Paper, 23.04.2004. 15 p., [[http:~~/~~/www.umbc.edu/economics/ grad_699_abstracts/ y_guo_paper.pdf>>url:http://www.umbc.edu/economics/%20grad_699_abstracts/%20y_guo_paper.pdf]]
 . LE GRAND C. Explaining the male-female wage gap: Job segregation and solidarity wage bargaining in Sweden. Acta Sociologica, 1991, No. 34, p. 261–278.
--// //
++//
++//
++==== 2.3 Purpose and Objective ====
--**2.3       Purpose and Objective**
++**What are we are going to do?**
--
--== What are we are going to do? ==
--
--//Explain how your project will help to solve this problem. Describe your proposed investigation. Provide, as appropriate, graphs, pictures or diagram to illustrate your explanation.  Please be sure your description  covers the main points of your project.//
--
--
  **The purpose of the project** is to develop the innovative software for gender equality regulation on the labour market, which is using statistical and econometrical methods.
  Innovative software for gender equality regulation on the labour market represent the //gender audit at an enterprise// is the independent inspection/checkup of the enterprise to analyze, monitor, and identify gender problems of the staff, with subsequent elaboration of proposals to improve the company policy in the direction of gender equality. Innovative software is a tool for the enterprise gender management at the microeconomic level.
--The elaborated software** **should become the starting point on a microeconomic level of the company’s internal management. The role of the gender audit in the sphere of enterprises management consists not only in independent check of a current situation. The independent audit participates actively in the formation of internal aspects of company management, creates the recommendations on the questions of internal management, and assumes the control mechanism over the promotion of the offered measures by repeated or cross-control audits. The similar experience from other directions exists: the financial audit became an integral part of an internal control system of the large and medium companies; the audit of quality standards ISO 9000 affects in the same manner.
++The elaborated software should become the starting point on a microeconomic level of the company’s internal management. The role of the gender audit in the sphere of enterprises management consists not only in independent check of a current situation. The independent audit participates actively in the formation of internal aspects of company management, creates the recommendations on the questions of internal management, and assumes the control mechanism over the promotion of the offered measures by repeated or cross-control audits. The similar experience from other directions exists: the financial audit became an integral part of an internal control system of the large and medium companies; the audit of quality standards ISO 9000 affects in the same manner.
  IT aspect of this project is also very important. With information technologies, scattered and separated data would be processed into reliable operative information for decision making. The supposed application of IT in the framework of this project, namely, regulation of gender equality on the labour market, is actual, and waits for development of the corresponding applicative software.
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  Accordingly, the innovative software should become that practical mechanism on a microeconomic level, which will be closely build into the system of internal management of the companies and, besides checking of the current condition of gender equality, will allow to develop the most concrete, approaching to conditions of the given enterprise, recommendations on perfection of regulation of gender equality, and carry out check of performance of these recommendations. As such practical mechanism, the elaborated software will allow to overcome contradictions between the accepted laws at nation-wide level and their realization at the concrete enterprises. It is necessary to note the feedback effect, when the elaborated software on the level of separate enterprises will render a positive effect at macroeconomic level. Besides it, indirect influence on change of gender stereotypes in a society is possible also.
--
--
  **What is the objective?**
--//Succinctly state the primary objective of the project. //
--
--
  **The main objective of our project** is to realize and implement on a labour market the special methods and instruments witch will contribute to gender equality, social cohesion and protection in the sphere of employment, which ultimately leads to increased well-being both individual and companies and the society as a whole.
--{{{The specific objectives of the project are the following:}}}
--
++The specific objectives of the project are the following:
  * to elaborate integrated methodology of applying econometrical and statistical methods for analyzing data of enterprises in the gender aspect;
  * to develop the innovative software for gender equality regulation on the labour market, which is using of this elaborated methodology;
  * to develop form and presentation of innovative software obtained results;
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  The results of this work may become an impulse to developing a new instrument in gender equality regulation on the labour markets of different countries and in the society as a hole.
++==== 2.4 Expected Significance ====
--==   ==
++**What’s new?**
--**2.4              Expected Significance**
--
--
--== What’s new? ==
--
--//Describe and compare in what way your project work and results are new, unique, and/or different from similar research all over the world. If your research has any practical application, explain how it will contribute to developments in the appropriate commercial or technical sectors.  If your research is theoretical or fundamental, explain how it will further scientific understanding, and your team's ability to compete for funding. Support any claims with reference to preliminary or published results, if possible. //
--
--
  The elaborated software, as the element of gender management of the enterprises, represents **one of the newest world tendencies in the field of gender regulation** **of a labour market**. Innovative software should include not only the analysis of the current condition of gender equality at the enterprise, but assumes also producing specific proposals on situation improvement in this sphere. Also, it is necessary to have mechanisms of the subsequent control over realization of these offers. In this case innovative software becomes "starting point" of all gender management on a microeconomic level of the separate enterprises and will bring real advantage both to men and women, and to employers.
  **The scientific novelty and originality of the proposed investigation** seems to be the next step in the development of approaches to gender equality at the micro-economic level as an important component of the evolution of gender-based management. Using the developing software will be calculated in one program in very short time the following: the value of gender horizontal and vertical segregation on the enterprises, the human capital influence on the value of men and women wages, the degree of gender discrimination in payment, etc.
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  These circumstances can motivate the need for innovative software by economic methods, requiring a more detailed analysis of the economic data of enterprises. Thus, not opposing to the standard methodology of qualitative audit proposed by the ILO with the use of sociological methods, we propose a new innovative software as quantitative gender inspection/checkup of enterprises, based on the analysis of economic indicators of the enterprise that uses the techniques of statistical and econometrical analysis.
++==== 2.5 Organization, Qualification and Staffing ====
--
--**2.5              Organization, Qualification and Staffing**
--
--
--== Who are we? ==
--
--//Briefly describe the institutions and participants of your project, their qualification with references to previous significant results and what they will do in the project. Please highlight, in addition to technical qualifications, any market or social science research skills, or business training the participants may possess.  Please note any foreign language capabilities of team members.//
--
--
  **Organizations:**
++* The **National Institute for Economic Research (NIER)** of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Research of the Republic of Moldova is a public institution (think-tank) which deals with scientific economic research. The main beneficiaries are Ministry of Economy and Infrastructure, Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment, Ministry of Health, Labour and Social Protection, Academy of Sciences and others. The Institute collaborates with numerous Moldovan and foreign academic centers, with central and local administration bodies, as well as representatives of business and social stakeholders. Main activities are related to scientific researches in economy, finance, statistics, reforming of social sphere and integration of the Republic of Moldova in world economic circuit. NIER has the necessary experience and capacities for realization of projects and can be a reliable partner in the future. Former experience covers a wide variety of applied research on the evolution of economic and social processes in Moldova, insuring a stable economic growth and high living standards. The most important research directions are: Economic and financial models, mechanisms for sustainable growth; Business and investment environment; Agricultural policies and informational base for rural development in the context of food safety; Demographic and social development policies. NIER has been a participant of a number of national and international research projects financed by European Commission (INTAS, FP5, FP6, FP7), TACIS, UNESCO, UNDP, EUHLPAM, Visegrad Fund. One of the main research directions of the NIER is fundamental and applied researches in the domain of labour market, gender equality regulation, business environment, enterprises development. The proposed project represents continuation and new development of the research, carried out by NIER.
--The **National Institute for Economic Research (NIER)** of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Research of the Republic of Moldova is a public institution (think-tank) which deals with scientific economic research. The main beneficiaries are Ministry of Economy and Infrastructure, Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment, Ministry of Health, Labour and Social Protection, Academy of Sciences and others. The Institute collaborates with numerous Moldovan and foreign academic centers, with central and local administration bodies, as well as representatives of business and social stakeholders. Main activities are related to scientific researches in economy, finance, statistics, reforming of social sphere and integration of the Republic of Moldova in world economic circuit. NIER has the necessary experience and capacities for realization of projects and can be a reliable partner in the future. Former experience covers a wide variety of applied research on the evolution of economic and social processes in Moldova, insuring a stable economic growth and high living standards. The most important research directions are: Economic and financial models, mechanisms for sustainable growth; Business and investment environment; Agricultural policies and informational base for rural development in the context of food safety; Demographic and social development policies. NIER has been a participant of a number of national and international research projects financed by European Commission (INTAS, FP5, FP6, FP7), TACIS, UNESCO, UNDP, EUHLPAM, Visegrad Fund. One of the main research directions of the NIER is fundamental and applied researches in the domain of labour market, gender equality regulation, business environment, enterprises development. The proposed project represents continuation and new development of the research, carried out by NIER.
++* The **Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science (IMCS)** of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Research of the Republic of Moldova is the leading research institute in the domain of mathematics and computer science in the Republic of Moldova. IMCS was founded in 1964. The results achieved by its researchers and specialists won the recognition of scientific community, covering different fields of mathematics and computer science: algebra, logic, geometry, topology, differential equations, mathematical modeling and optimization, numerical methods, theory of probability, programming and artificial intelligence, models of computing, advanced information technologies. IMCS publishes two peer-reviewed international journals: "Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of Republic of Moldova" and "Computer Science Journal of Moldova", distributed in approximately 160 scientific centers from 47 countries. IMCS has been a participant of a number of national and international research projects financed by European Commission (INTAS, FP5, FP6, FP7), CRDF/MRDA, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, NATO, UNESCO, UNDP, and STCU.
--
--The **Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science (IMCS)** of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Research of the Republic of Moldova is the leading research institute in the domain of mathematics and computer science in the Republic of Moldova. IMCS was founded in 1964. The results achieved by its researchers and specialists won the recognition of scientific community, covering different fields of mathematics and computer science: algebra, logic, geometry, topology, differential equations, mathematical modeling and optimization, numerical methods, theory of probability, programming and artificial intelligence, models of computing, advanced information technologies. IMCS publishes two peer-reviewed international journals: "Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of Republic of Moldova" and "Computer Science Journal of Moldova", distributed in approximately 160 scientific centers from 47 countries. IMCS has been a participant of a number of national and international research projects financed by European Commission (INTAS, FP5, FP6, FP7), CRDF/MRDA, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, NATO, UNESCO, UNDP, and STCU.
--
--
  **Persons on the team:**
--
 . **Tatiana Colesnicova**, PhD in Economic Science, Associate Professor in Economic Science, Leading scientific researcher, Head of the Department “Social Researches and Standards of Living”, the team leader – NIER;
 . **Eugenia Lucasenco**,** **PhD student in Economic Science, scientific researcher – NIER;
 . **Mihail Ciobanu**, MSc degree in Demography and Population Economics, scientific researcher – NIER;
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 . **Elvira Naval**, PhD in Computer Sciences, Associate Professor in Computer Science, Leading scientific researcher – IMCS;
 . **Ludmila Malahov**, MSc degree in Computer Science, scientific researcher – IMCS.**  **
--**//Tatiana Colesnicova.// **//Ph.D.// in Economic Science from NIER, 2011. Associate Professor in Economy and Management (in social sphere), 2013. From 2015 she is the Head of the NIER Department “Social Researches and Standards of Living”. She is a member of the NIER Methodical Commission, Profile Scientific Seminar. During 2011-2018 she has participated in 26 national and international Scientific Conferences and symposiums. She was reporter on the 7 roundtables. Her main research interests include different social economic problems, gender equality regulation on the labour marker, labour economics, econometric modeling. She has more than 100 publications in these areas. She is author of the monograph “Gender equality regulation in the sphere of employment in the Republic of Moldova” (in English), ed. by NIER, 2012. She participated at several international projects. Participant in creating quarterly edition NIER with the support of EUHLPAM, financed by the European Union and implemented by UNDP Moldova //"Moldovan Economic Trends"/"Tendinţe în Economia Moldovei"** **//(in Romanian and English) during the years 2011 – 2018 (No.1-28) - responsible of the chapter that evaluates the main trends of the Moldovan social sphere. Participant in elaboration Strategies for Moldovan regional socio-economic development: Călăraşi, Rezina, Ialoveni, Leova, Orhei, Straseni.
++**//Tatiana Colesnicova.// Ph.D.// in Economic Science from NIER, 2011. Associate Professor in Economy and Management (in social sphere), 2013. From 2015 she is the Head of the NIER Department “Social Researches and Standards of Living”. She is a member of the NIER Methodical Commission, Profile Scientific Seminar. During 2011-2018 she has participated in 26 national and international Scientific Conferences and symposiums. She was reporter on the 7 roundtables. Her main research interests include different social economic problems, gender equality regulation on the labour marker, labour economics, econometric modeling. She has more than 100 publications in these areas. She is author of the monograph “Gender equality regulation in the sphere of employment in the Republic of Moldova” (in English), ed. by NIER, 2012. She participated at several international projects. Participant in creating quarterly edition NIER with the support of EUHLPAM, financed by the European Union and implemented by UNDP Moldova //"Moldovan Economic Trends"/"Tendinţe în Economia Moldovei"** **//(in Romanian and English) during the years 2011 – 2018 (No.1-28) - responsible of the chapter that evaluates the main trends of the Moldovan social sphere. Participant in elaboration Strategies for Moldovan regional socio-economic development: Călăraşi, Rezina, Ialoveni, Leova, Orhei, Straseni.
  **//Eugenia Lucasenco//**//, Ph.D. student// of NIER in University of Academy of Sciences of Moldova (specialization – economy and management)//, MSc// degree in foreign affairs, scientific researcher within the NIER//.// She has over 15 publications and participations at national and international conferences.// //She has been involved in 2 national and 3 international projects and elaboration of socio-economic strategies for several districts from the Republic of Moldova. Participated in creating quarterly edition NIER with the support of EUHLPAM, financed by the European Union and implemented by UNDP Moldova //"Moldovan Economic Trends"/"Tendinţe în Economia Moldovei"** **//(in Romanian and English) during the years 2011 – 2015 (Nr.1-16) - responsible of the chapter that evaluates the main political, economic and social events from the Republic of Moldova. She has participated in several national projects (as a team member).

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